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ICESHELF

 Infrastructure CNRS_Coriolis Topographic Barriers and warm Ocean currents controlling Antarctic ice shelf melt Project (long title) Topographic Barriers and warm Ocean currents controlling Antarctic ice shelf melt Campaign Title (name data folder) 17ICESHELF Lead Author Elin Darelius (part I) and Anna Wåhlin (part II) Contributors Nadine Steiger, Lucie Vignes, Joel Sommeria, Samuel Viboud Date Campaign Start 04/09/2017 Date Campaign End 27/10/2017

6 - Table of Experiments:

 Exp No. Name Valve opened Diaphragme Flowrate estimated Type of photo Time photo Dye Comments Notes VS/HS/Scan t1/t2/t3 yes / no 0 test 11092017 [hh:mm hh:mm] 0.604 50 58.5 0.50 0 13 170,150,41s VS ? yes Dye did not show up in photos :-( Elin 1 exp01 ??092017 [hh:mm hh:mm] 0.60 50 ? 0.50 0 13 HS / Scan
 Exp No. Name Valve opened Diaphragme Flowrate estimated Type of photo Height of HS Heights of Scan and # Time photo Dye Comments Notes VS/HS/Scan t1/t2/t3 yes / no 0 test 11092017  hh:mm 0.604 50 58.5 0.50 0 13 170,150,41s VS - - ? yes Dye did not show up in photos :-( Elin 1 exp01 1209201714:38 0.584 50 40.67 0.50 0 12.6 170,150,59s HS,VS,Scan 55 55:-5:30,[[BR]]4 500ms(reality: 1000ms) no Expl. time = 50 ms too little. Only every second photo was taken Nadine 2 exp02 1209201717:02 0.583 50 44.2 0.50 0 12.6 180,150,[1:21.4 1:21.4]min HS 55? - 200ms(reality: 400ms) no Only every second photo was taken Nadine

1 - Objectives

The warm water threatening to melt the Antarctic ice shelves originates from the deep ocean north of the continental shelf. In order for the warm water to reach the ice shelf cavities it has to pass to topographic barriers: the shelf break and the ice shelf front. In a series of experiments we will explore the role of topography in controlling the onshelf flow of warm water.

2 - Experimental setup:

2.1 General description

The two Barriers - the shelf break and the ice shelf front - will be studied in two separate sets of Experiments.

Part I: Divergent isobaths at the shelf break

An idealized topography representing a widening continental shelf and a trough crosscutting the Continental shelf break is used and the effect of changing 1) water depth 2) radius of curvature and 3) flow speed will be explored. The experiments will be repeated with a) a barotropic and b) a baroclinic current.

Part II: Flow across an ice shelf front

2.2 Topography

2.2.1 Topography for the shelf break experiments (Nadine)

Sketch of the topography seen from above with the distances to the (0, 0) coordinate. The blue circle and the blue line are the tank wall and the centerline, respectively.

Sketch of the topography seen from the side with the heights of the different areas.

2.3 Reference axis

2.3.1 Reference axis for shelf break experiments (Nadine)

By definition we will use Ox and Oy axis to define the along slope and the cross slope axis. The central reference point (0,0) along the slope is chosen to be the first "land" corner downstream of the source. Positive u - direction corresponds to the along slope flow direction, while positive v - direction is directed onshelf.

2.4 References axis along the wall (horizontal and vertical) - Nadine add image!

By definition we will use Ox and Oy axis to define the along shore and the cross shore axis. The central reference point (0,0) along the wall is chosen to be the closest point to the center of the tank (also labeled M0?). Positive direction corresponds to the mean wave or the mean flow direction.

We use seven references points along the wall to quantify the impact of the free surface deformation and the possible vertical deviation of the laser sheet???

All these points will be measured every day before starting the Experiment??

 Position M2 M1 M0 M-1 M-2 H_coast (cm) ' ' H_laser_up (cm) ' ' H_laser_down (cm) '

2.5 Fixed Parameters

 Notation Definition Values Remarks Rotation period Shelf height Trough height Width of slope in trough m slope 1:2(Height:Width) Viscosity Total length of the wall Width of source (inner)

2.5 Variable Parameters

 Notation Definition Unit Initial Estimated Values Remarks Total water depth 60 - 70 At the point where waterlevel is not influenced by rotation: r=?? m. Depth on shelf 10 - 20 estimated where? Radius of curvature 0 - 0.5 Flux 20 - ??- ?? - 135 Density difference (ambient - inflow) 0 - 3 - 10

 Notation Definition Unit Initial Estimated Values Reduced gravity Baroclinic deformation radius

2.7 Definition of the relevant non-dimensional numbers (UPDATE WITH OUR NOTATION!!)

Rossby number, .

Relative step size, . (Cenedese et al, 2005)

Depth of baroclinic current ( (Chapman & Lenz 1994; Sutherland et al, 2009)

3 - Instrumentation and data acquisition

3.1 Instruments

Conductivity Sondes (CS)

Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) A Spectra-Physics Millennia ProS 6W YAG continuous laser (532 nm) in conjunction with 2 cameras was used to provide PIV images. The laser light sheet was brought in parallel to the bottom of the tank. The light sheet can then be racked in the vertical through a series of steps through the use of a motorized traverse (tilted at 3.5 degrees to match the slope of the channel) and a mirror set at 45 degrees. The laser has another set of optics to point the light sheet down at the mirror, producing the light sheet. There is a glass window that enables the laser beam to go through the surface of the water tank. A 3D animation of the laser is in the ‘videos’ subfolder of the Photos folder. The laser light sheet positions are then synchronized with the PIV cameras. The field of view extends from close to the upstream end of the first bend, towards the mid-point of the second bend.

Later experiments used larger seeding particles, 200 micron polystyrene particles for the flow seeding. These work very well for these situations where the measurement area is larger than 2 square metres. The three PIV cameras consist of one Falcon1 camera (Falcon 4M, CMOS 2432*1728 pixels, 10 bits) over the upstream part – with a 35 mm objective lens, PCO2 over the first bend with a 35 mm objective lens, and PCO3 over the most downstream part of the PIV measurement area, which has a 20 mm objective lens. 15 slices in the vertical are taken, each containing 20 images and these are repeated 10 times. Four different times between frames are used, since the velocities were not known a priori and vary as a function of height in the gravity current. So as such, no specific frame rate is used. All this is in the .xml files which can be read by a text editor. The two PCO cameras are PCO.edge5.5 CMOS cameras (2560*2160 pixels). The general approach is to have the lowest slice at approximately 2 cm above the floor, and then there are 2.5 cm heights between each successive level. These varied over time however, so there are a number of slightly different setups – see below. The sequence starts at the highest point, and then steps down through the flow, to the bottom, before switching back to the top again. Heights of laser slices (22/09/16 – 2.5 cm but after that 12/10/2016 and 14/10/2016 and 19/10/2016 all at basal 2 cm).

3.3 Requested final output and statistics

Batch processed camera data in to .png files for those experiments from 18-43 that have PIV data, so that images are in a non-proprietary format. PIV analysis of the flow field through multiple horizontal slices in different Z-positions, for the non-rotating case, and for the rotating cases (experiments 18-43 as above), dependent on the quality of the captured PIV images. Average velocity vectors for the channel slices. Potentially information on vorticity would enable the smaller-scale vortical structures that are obvious in some of the videos, to be identified.

4 - Methods of calibration and data Processing (NADINE)

The PIV data will be processed using the MATLAB tool UVMAT available on http://servforge.legi.grenoble-inp.fr/projects/soft-uvmat.

All images from the experiments will be stored in the directory /fsnet/projects/coriolis/2017/17ICESHELF/DATA under the name for the experiment.

4.1 Calibration for shelf break experiments

The images for PIV (PC01, PC02) are calibrated from images of a horizontal grid, in 3D with an inclined grid (tilted angles) and in the vertical (NAME OF CAMERA!) for the camera fixed on the tank wall.
The calibrated images with the grids are stored in 0_REF_FILES with the
- 2D calibration in the directory CALIB_07_09
- 3D calibration in the directory CALIB_07_09_3D
- Vertical calibration in the directory CALIB_VERTICAL_08-09

The images are divided into the two different cameras as PCO1/ and PCO2/.

This sketch shows the topography together with the view of the two cameras.

The 3D calibration is done with the geometric calibration function on UVMAT to create 'intrinsic parameters' for each camera that will be used for all images. Calibration points along the inclined grid are marked and translated from image coordinates to physical coordinates defined in section 2.3.1 to later take into account the different height of slices. See  http://servforge.legi.grenoble-inp.fr/projects/soft-uvmat/wiki/UvmatHelp#GeometryCalib for details of the method. The calibration parameters are copied in a xml file beside the folders of each camera (for instance PCO2.xml for PCO2/). The xml files also containing all the timing information and have to be copied next to the folders of all images, to use the same intrinsic calibration data for each image taken with the corresponding camera.

The 2D calibration is used as a reference horizontal grid with a grid height of
- z = 80.8 cm for PCO1
- z = 58.2 cm for PCO2

Calibration of camera 1 (PCO1) on the left and of camera 2 (PCO2) on the right, with the calibration grid produced with PIV in purple.

The calibration is checked with a calibration ruler (images saved in CALIB_RULER) to see that the transition between the two cameras is smooth.

For the vertical calibration the images are saved in a different file format with extension '.seq'. The format can be changed in the UVMAT software, but the folder with the vertical images should not be renamed (e.g. '2017-09-08T16.04.32'). To change the image format, choose RUN -> Field Series. Chose the right input file, an select 'extract_rdvision.m', click INPUT and RUN. The image will be saved as a .png file and is ready for use in UVMAT.

5 - Organization of data files

All data related to the project are in: \\SERVAUTH4\share\project\coriolis\2016 or \\servauth4.legi.grenoble-inp.fr\share\project\coriolis\2016

• 0_DOC: miscellaneous documentation and reports
• 0_MATLAB_FCT: specific matlab functions
• 0_PHOTOS: photos of set-up
• 0_PIV
• Each ‘PIV’ folder contains subfolders for each of the 3 PIV cameras: Dalsa (sometimes Falcon1 – it’s the same thing); PCO2; PCO3 [these are named after the different brands of camera]. Other folders include PCO2.png and PCO3.png which contain processes images of the PCO cameras that are in a non-bespoke format. Other folders that can be within the Camera folder include: Dalsa.sback; Dalsa.sback_1; PCO2.png.civ; PCO2.png.civ_1; PCO2.png.civ_2; PCO2.png.sback: PCO2.png.sback_1; PCO3.png.sback_1. .sback files refer to those files where the background has been subtracted, then civ_1 contains images with the first PIV iteration as processed in UVMAT (Joel’s code) and shows the raw data – with or without the rejected vectors; vectors are shown in four colours, blue = best, green = medium, red = poor, and pink = false. A box can be clicked to hide the false vectors. Civ_2 uses a spline interpretation to interpolate between vectors, so long as they are close enough to the surrounding vectors. Then interpolates all the vectors onto a regular grid. Times for the .png images are in the XML files, or netcdf files.
• 0_Processing: UVP processing scripts in Matlab
• 0_REF_FILES: files of general use (calibration data, grids ...)
• EXP1, EXP2, folder for each experiment with names given in the table below. The names refer to ‘fix’ for non-rotating fixed case, ‘rot’ for rotating case, ‘str1’ for the first straight position (also called position X1), and ‘apex 2’ , for the apex in bend 2 (also referred to as position X4).
• Within each experiments, there is a folder with PIV imagery called ‘Camera’, one for ADV data – ‘ADV’, one for UVP data – ‘UVP’, and one for the data coming directly off of the Coriolis table control system ‘LABVIEW’. Some experiments also contain an ‘Images’ folder or a ‘Gopro folder’ containing Gopro videos.
• Each ‘Camera’ subfolder contains subfolders for each of the 3 PIV cameras: Dalsa (sometimes Falcon1 – it’s the same thing); PCO2; PCO3 [these are named after the different brands of camera]. Other folders include PCO2.png and PCO3.png which contain processes images of the PCO cameras, that are in a non-bespoke format. Other folders that can be within the Camera folder include: Dalsa.sback; Dalsa.sback_1; PCO2.png.civ; PCO2.png.civ_1; PCO2.png.civ_2; PCO2.png.sback: PCO2.png.sback_1; PCO3.png.sback_1
• Each ‘ADV’ subfolder, contains two sub-folders: ‘nkt_files’ containing raw Nortek files, and the ‘mat_files’ are the exported raw data in Matlab format.
• Each ‘UVP’ subfolder contains two folders – one with the experiment name (which is the downstream velocity data) recorded downstream of the velocity inflection downstream of bend apex 2, and one with experiment name ‘_cross’ which contains the cross-stream UVP data recorded at bend apex ‘2. These two folders contain text files for each of the probes. The convention is that Probe 1 is the basal probe, with each subsequent probe being successively higher. There are also .mfprof files which are the raw UVP data in native format. All probes are also integrated into single Matlab files. Lastly, there is a Logfile with the header file for the UVP detailing all of the parameters used in the run.
• Each ‘LABVIEW’ subfolder contains: 1) a .lvm file which is a text file and contains a time-stamp, two voltages for the Conductivity probe on the traverse (C0 – Conductivity, and T0 – temperature [this latter one doesn’t work]), a Trig_cam heading representing the Trigger for the PIV Cameras, Conductivity probe in the input box (C1 and T1), and C2 (this was conductivity for a second probe in the input box which was briefly used before breaking. There is always a record for this but it is just background noise. 2) _position.lvm file which is an XYZ file with a times for the movement of the traverse. 3) Some folders also contain probes.nc files. These are netcdf files and contain the vector data from the processed PIV images.

7 - Diary:

Thursday 07 September

The cameras still have to be adjusted. After that is done, we take photos with the calibration grid in the horizontal and in 3D with both cameras that are fixed on the roof. With PIV, we conduct the calibration of both cameras as described in 4.1.

Friday 08 September

To verify the calibration, we took photos with both cameras with one ruler to see if the calibrations of the cameras agree (which it does!). Then, we added a wall into the tank to prevent the water of the freshwater experiments to return to the source. The laser height was adjusted.

Monday 11 September

The table starts rotating for the first time with a velocity of 50 rounds/ sec. It gets slowly filled with water to a level of 60 cm. This takes about 3h. Before we can start the experiments, the lasers first have to be adjusted. To check how long the water stays in the water, we conduct a little experiments with water (from the tank) that is enriched with particles. After about 2 hours a 4 mm thick clear surface layer develops.

After filling the tank Thoma measured the water level to be point where water level does not change with rotation 60.4 cm Center of tank – 42.5 + 16 cm = 58.5 cm Tank wall (6.5 m) – 62.4 cm. Water temperature 23.3C.

Particle sedimentation test : Water was taken from the tank, mixed with particles (30 + wetting agent) and set to settle in a glass “vase” with a narrow (ca 3cm) and tall (ca 10 cm) neck. The upper level with particles were observed as follows:

 Time level 11:50 0 13.05 4 mm 13.30 5 mm

At 14h40 the border was now longer visible. There were still particles in the upper part of the flask, but a lot less than there were intitally.

Calibration of vertical laser sheet

While changing the settings on the laser, the actual height of the laser sheet was measured directly in the tank.

 Laser setting $H_{real} 650 55 cm 700 49.5 cm 800 40 cm 850 35 cm 900 30 cm We will use 650 :50: 900 to get Slices every 5 cm from 30 cm to 55 cm (total 6 Slices). TEST experiments The desired flow rate of 50 L/min should according to 0_DOCS\flow_rate.xclx should be achieved With a diaphragme of diameter 12.9 mm. We used 13 mm. The flow rate was estimated by measuring the time it took for the water Level in the feeding tanks to descend from 170 to 150 (with the pumps turned off) - it took 41s giving a flowrate of 40 L / 41 s = 58.5 L/min. The pipe was first opened to remove boubles from the system. The Sources was designed in a way that the hose stopped just below the top of the Source which was out of the pater, thus creating a small waterfall, turbulence and a lot of boubles that got throught the honeycomb and flowed along the slope With the current. The Source will be redisgned so that the water is inserted below the water surface. A second trial (still with the original source) was made later (when Samuel was back). The same ddiaphragme was used and the same amount of boubles was created. Flourescent dye (NAME) was injected first in the feeding tank above, then in directly in the water just upstream of the vertical laser sheet. Time series of photos was obtained from the vertical camera. Aperture 150ms Time between photos 450 ms. There were more particles in the inflow than in the ambient, and the border between the inflow and the ambient was seen to fluctuate up and down the slope. The timescale of this motion will be estimate from the photos tomorrow. When turning to the horizontal cameras it was decided that sloping topography gave too many uncontrolled reflections that made it unsafe to increase the intensity. To remove these,parts of the bathymetry has to be Paint in black. The tank was set to empty during the night, while recycling the water. 12 September The bathymetry has been painted black, a pipe has been introduced into the source and the drain has been lowered to that it can be used also for 60 cm water depth. The tank is filling: \rho=998.5 kg m^{-3}$.